Living Planet Index

Reports 2022
The Living Planet Report 2022 WWF (2022) Living Planet Report 2022 – Building a nature-positive society (eds. Almond REA, Grooten M, Juffe Bignoli D, Petersen T). WWF, Gland, Switzerland. View report
Wildlife Comeback in Europe: Opportunities and challenges for species recovery. Ledger SEH, Rutherford CA, Benham C, Burfield IJ, Deinet S, Eaton M, Freeman R, Gray C, Herrando S, Puleston H, Scott-Gatty K, Staneva A, McRae L (2022) Wildlife Comeback in Europe: Opportunities and challenges for species recovery. Rewinding Europe. Netherlands. View publication
Reports 2020
The Living Planet Report 2020 WWF (2020) Living Planet Report 2020 - Bending the curve of biodiversity loss. Almond, R.E.A., Grooten M. and Petersen, T. (Eds). WWF, Gland, Switzerland. View report
The Living Planet Index (LPI) for migratory freshwater fish Deinet S, Scott-Gatty K, Rotton H, Twardek WM, Marconi V, McRae L, Baumgartner LJ, Brink K, Claussen JE, Cooke SJ, Darwall W, Eriksson BK, Garcia de Leaniz C, Hogan Z, Royte J, Silva LGM, Thieme ML, Tickner D, Waldman J, Wanningen H, Weyl OLF, Berkhuysen A.(2019) The Living Planet Index (LPI) for migratory freshwater fish - Technical Report. World Fish Migration Foundation, The Netherlands. View publication
Reports 2019
Chapter 6 - Biodiversity Stoett P, Davies J, Armenteras D, Hills J, McRae L, Zastavniouk C, Bailey R, Butler C, Dankelman I, Garcia K, Godfrey L, Kirilenko A, Lemke P, Liggett D, Mudd G, Seager J, Wright CY, Zickgraf C (2019) Chapter 6 - Biodiversity. In: Global Environment Outlook (GEO-6): Healthy Planet, Healthy People. United Nations Environment Programme, Cambridge, UK. View publication
Chapter 13 - Biodiversity Policy Mangalagiu D, Mukherjee N, Armenteras D, Davies J, Gonçalves LR, Hills J, McRae L, Stoett P, Dankelman I, Hammami S, Wright C, Zastavniouk C (2019) Chapter 13 - Biodiversity Policy. In: Global Environment Outlook (GEO-6): Healthy Planet, Healthy People. United Nations Environment Programme, Cambridge, UK. View publication
The Living Planet Index (LPI) for species listed on the CMS appendices - Technical summary Deinet S. (2019) The Living Planet Index (LPI) for species listed on teh CMS appendices - Technical summary. ZSL, London, UK. View publication
Reports 2018
The Living Planet Report 2018 WWF (2018) Living Planet Report 2018: Aiming higher (eds. Grooten N & Almond REA). WWF, Gland, Switzerland. View summary
Reports 2016
The Living Planet Report 2016 McRae L, Freeman R & Marconi V (2016) 'The Living Planet Index' in: Living Planet Report 2016: Risk and resilience in a new era (ed. Oerlemans N). WWF International, Gland, Switzerland. View summary
Reports 2015
The Arctic Species Trend Index: Migratory Birds Index Deinet S, Zöckler C, Jacoby D, Tresize E, Marconi V, McRae L, Svoboda M, & Barry T (2015). The Arctic Species Trend Index: Migratory Birds Index. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Akureyri, Iceland. View summary
Living Blue Planet Report McRae L, Freeman R, Shirkhorshidi M, & Tresize E. (2015) 'The state of our blue planet' in: Living Blue Planet Report. Species, habitats and human well-being. (eds. Tanzer J, Phua C, Lawrence A, Gonzales A, Roxburgh T, & Gamblin P). WWF, Gland, Switzerland. View summary
Reports 2014
Protecting Species: Status and Trends of the Earth's Protected Areas Milligan H, Deinet S, McRae L, & Freeman R. (2014) Protecting species: status and trends of the earth’s protected areas. Preliminary report. Zoological Society of London, UK. View summary
The Living Planet Report 2014 McRae L, Freeman R, & Deinet S. (2014) 'The Living Planet Index' in: Living Planet Report 2014: species and spaces, people and places (eds. McLellan R, Iyengar L, Jeffries B & Oerlemans N). WWF, Gland, Switzerland. View summary
Reports 2012-13
Wildlife Comeback in Europe: The Recovery of Selected Bird and Mammal Species Deinet S, Ieronymidou C, McRae L, Burfield IJ, Foppen RP, Collen B, & Böhm M. (2013) Wildlife comeback in Europe: the recovery of selected mammal and bird species. Final report to Rewilding Europe by ZSL, BirdLife International and the European Bird Census Council. London, UK: ZSL. View summary
Africa Ecological Footprint Report WWF- World Wildlife Fund for Nature and AfDB - Africa Development Bank. (2012) Africa Ecological Footprint Report. In: African Living Planet Report 2012 (ed. Almond R). WWF, Gland, Switzerland. View summary
Tracking Trends in Arctic Marine Populations McRae L, Deinet S, Gill MJ, & Collen B. (2012) Tracking Trends in Arctic marine populations. CAFF Assessment Series No. 7. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. View summary
The Living Planet Report 2012 McRae L, Collen B, Deinet S, Hill P, Loh J, Baillie JEM, & Price V. (2012) The Living Planet Index in: Living Planet Report 2012 (ed. Almond R). WWF, Gland, Switzerland. View summary
The Arctic Species Trend Index 2011 Eamer J, Russell DE, McRae L, Böhm M, Deinet S, Collen B, & Gill MJ. (2012) The Arctic Species Trend Index 2011: Update of the ASTI, an in-depth look at marine species and development of spatial analysis techniques. CAFF Assessment Series No. 9. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. View summary
Tracking Trends in Arctic Vertebrate Populations through Space and Time 2012 Böhm M, McRae L, Deinet S, Gill MJ, & Collen B. (2012) Tracking Trends in Arctic vertebrate populations through space and time. CAFF Assessment Series No. 8. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. View publication
Biodiversity. Global Environmental Outlook 5 Armenteras D, Finlayson M, Rosser A, Walpole M, Agard J, Butchart S, Carino J, Collen B, Firbank L, Galli A, Gokhale Y, Hocking M, Hoft R, Kitzes J, Prip C, Redford KH, McGeoch M, Oldfield T, & Toivonen H. (2012) Biodiversity. Global Environmental Outlook 5 (ed. GEO 5). United Nations Environment Programme. View publication
Reports 2008-11
The Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program 2011 Svoboda M, Gill M, Barry T, Crane K, Collen B, Culp J, Friedman A, Gantner N, Goedkoop W, Gofman V, Hindrum R, Irons D, Loh J, McRae L, Petersen A, Reist J, Russell D, Simpkins M, Smith R, Vongraven D, Wrona F, & Zockler C. (2011) The Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program in: Understanding Earth's Polar Challenges: International Polar Year 2007-2008 (ed. Krupnik I, Allison I, Bell R, Cutler P, Hik D, López-Martínez J, Rachold V, Sarukhanian E, & Summerhayes C). University of the Arctic, Rovaniemi, Finland /CCI Press (Printed Version), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and ICSU/WMO Joint Committee for International Polar Year 2007–2008. View publication
The Arctic Species Trend Index: A Barometer for Arctic Wildlife Gill MJ, Zöckler C, McRae L, Loh J, & Collen B. (2011) The Arctic Species Trend Index: A barometer for Arctic wildlife in: State of the Arctic Coast 2010: scientific review and outlook (ed. Forbes DL), International Arctic Science Committee, Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, International Permafrost Association, Germany. View publication
Arctic Species Trend Index 2010 McRae L, Zockler C, Gill M, Loh J, Latham J, Harrison N, Martin J, & Collen B (2010) Arctic Species Trend Index 2010: Tracking trends in Arctic wildlife. CAFF CBMP Report No. 20. View summary
The Living Planet Report 2010 Loh J, Collen B, McRae L, Deinet S, De Palma A, Manley R, & Baillie JEM. (2010) Living Planet Index in: Living Planet Report 2010 (ed Almond R). WWF, Gland, Switzerland. View publication
Arctic Biodiversity Trends 2010 - Selected Indicators of Change Gill MJ, Zockler C, McRae L, Loh J, & Collen B. (2010) The Arctic Species Trend Index in: Arctic Biodiversity Trends 2010 - selected indicators of change (ed. Kurvits T, Alfthan B, & Mork E). CAFF International Secretariat, Akureyi, Iceland. View publication
The Living Planet Index for Estuarine Species Deinet S, Collen B, De Palma A, Loh J, Manley R, & McRae L. (2010) The Living Planet Index for Estuarine Species. WWF Netherlands View publication
Evolution Lost: Status & Trends of the World's Vertebrates Baillie JEM, Griffiths J, Turvey ST, Loh J, & Collen B. (2010) Evolution Lost: status & trends of the world's vertebrates. View publication
The Living Planet Index for Migratory Species: An Index of Change in Population Abundance Latham J, Collen B, McRae L, & Loh J. (2010) The Living Planet Index for Migratory Species: an index of change in population abundance. View publication

Papers 2022
Currie J, Burant JB, Marconi V, Blain SA, Emry S, Hébert K, Xie G, Moore NA, Wang X, Brown A, Grevstad L, McRae L, Mezzini S, Pata P, Freeman R (2022) Assessing the representation of species included within the Canadian Living Planet Index. FACETS. View publication
Jellesmark S, Ausden M, Blackburn TM, Hoffmann M, McRae L, Visconti P, Gregory RD (2022) The effect of conservation interventions on the abundance of breeding waders within nature reserves in the United Kingdom. Ibis. View publication
Korner-Nievergelt F, Strebel N, Buckland ST, Freeman R, Gregory RD, Guélat J, Isaac N, McRae L, Roth T, Schirmer S, Soldaat LL, Voříšek P, Sattler T (2022) Multi-species population indices for sets of species including rare, disappearing or newly occurring species. Ecological Indicators, 140: 109005 View publication
McRae L, Freeman R, Geldmann J, Moss GB, Kjær-Hansen L, Burgess ND (2022) A global indicator of utilized wildlife populations: Regional trends and the impact of management. One Earth, 5: 422-433. View Publication
Richard Cornford, Joseph Millard, Manuela González‐Suárez, Robin Freeman, Thomas Frederick Johnson (2022) Automated synthesis of biodiversity knowledge requires better tools and standardised research output. Ecography, 3: e06068 View publication
Williams JJ, Freeman R, Spooner F, Newbold T (2022) Vertebrate population trends are influenced by interactions between land use, climatic position, habitat loss and climate change. Global Change Biology, 28: 797-815. View publication
Moussy M, Burfield IJ, Stephenson PJ, Newton AFE, Butchart SHM, Sutherland WJ, Gregory RD, McRae L, Bubb P, Roesler I, Ursino C, Wu Y, Retief EF, Udin JS, Urazaliyev R, Sánchez‐Clavijo LM, Lartey E, Donald PF (2022) A quantitative global review of species population monitoring (2022) Conservation Biology, 36: e13721. View publication
Capdevila P, Noviello N, McRae L, Freeman R, Clements CF (2022) Global patterns of resilience decline in vertebrate populations. Ecology Letters, 25: 240-251. View publication
Papers 2021
McRae L, Böhm M (2021) Biodiversity: The decline in global biodiversity and how education can be part of the solution. In: Meeting the Challenges of Existential Threats through Educational Innovation Pages. Routledge, London, UK. View publication
Marconi V, McRae L, Müller H, Currie J, Whitmee S, Gadallah F(Z), Freeman R (2021) Population declines among Canadian vertebrates: But data of different quality show diverging trends. Ecological Indicators, 130: 108022. View publication
Jellesmark S, Ausden M, Blackburn TM, Gregory RD, Hoffmann M, Massimino D, McRae L, Visconti P (2021) A counterfactual approach to measure the impact of wet grassland conservation on UK breeding bird populations. Conservation Biology, 35: 1575-1585. View publication
Williams N, McRae L, Freeman R, Capdevila P, Clements C (2021) Scaling the extinction vortex: Body size as a predictor of population dynamics close to extinction events. Ecology and Evolution, 11: 7069-7079. View publication
Bayraktarov E, Ehmke G, Tulloch AIT, Chauvenet AL, Avery-Gomm S, McRae L, Wintle BA, O'Connor J, Driessen J, Watmuff J, Nguyen HA, Garnett ST, Woinarski J, Barnes M, Morgain R, Guru S, Possingham HP (2021) A threatened species index for Australian birds. Conservation Science and Practice, 3: e322. View publication
Graham V, Adams V, Grech A, Deinet S, Chang HC Geldmann J (2021) Management resourcing and government transparency are key drivers of biodiversity outcomes in Southeast Asian protected areas. Biological Conservation, 253: 108875. View publication
Cornford R, Deinet S, De Palma A, Hill SLL, McRae L, Pettit B, Marconi V, Purvis A, Freeman R (2021) Fast, scalable, and automated identification of articles for biodiversity and macroecological datasets. Journal of Global Ecology and Biogeography, 30: 339-347 View publication
Papers 2020
Leung B, Hargreaves AL, Greenberg DA, McGill B, Dornelas M, Freeman R (2020) Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines. Nature, 588(7837): 267-271. View publication
Addison PFE, Stephenson PJ, Bull JW, Carbone G, Burgman M, Burgass MJ, Gerber LR, Howard P, McCormick N, McRae L Reuter KE, Starkey M, Milner‐Gulland EJ. (2020) Bringing sustainability to life: A framework to guide biodiversity indicator development for business performance management. Business Strategy and the Environment View publication
Leclere D, Obersteiner M, Barrett M, Butchart SHM, Chaudhary A, De Palma A, DeClerck FAJ, Di Marco M, et al. (2020) Bending the curve of terrestrial biodiversity needs an integrated strategy. Nature View publication
Green EJ, McRae L, Freeman R, Harfoot MBJ, Hill SLL, Baldwin-Cantello W, Simonson WD. (2020) Below the canopy: global trends in forest vertebrate populations and their drivers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 287(1928): 28720200533. View publication
Currie J, Marconi V. (2020) An analysis of threats and factors that predict trends in Canadian vertebrates designated as at-risk. FACETS, 5(1): 49-66. View publication
Papers 2019
Ament JM, Collen B, Carbone C, Mace GM, Freeman R. (2019) Compatibility between agendas for improving human development and wildlife conservation outside protected areas: Insights from 20 years of data. People and Nature, 1(3): 305-316. View publication
Bayraktarov E, Ehmke G, O'Connor J, Burns EL, Nguyen HA, McRae L, Possingham HP. (2019) Do big unstructured biodiversity data mean more knowledge? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 6: 239. View publication
Papers 2018
Spooner FEB, Pearson RG, Freeman R. (2018) Rapid warming is associated with population decline among terrestrial birds and mammals globally.Global Change Biology, 24(10): 4521-4531. View publication
Saha A, McRae L, Dodd, CK Jr., Gadsden H, Hare KM, Lukoschek V, Böhm M. (2018) Tracking Global Population Trends: Population Time-Series Data and a Living Planet Index for Reptiles. Journal of Herpetology, 52(3), pp. 259-268. View publication
Hardesty-Moore M, Deinet S, Freeman R, Titcomb GC, Dillon EM, Stears K, Klope M, Bui A, Orr D, Young HS, Miller-ter Kuile A, Hughey LF, & McCauley DJ. (2018) Migration in the Anthropocene: how collective navigation, environmental system and taxonomy shape the vulnerability of migratory species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 373: 20170017. View publication
Geldmann J, Coad L, Barnes MD, Craigie ID, Woodley S, Balmford A, Brooks TM, Hockings M, Knights K, Mascia MB, McRae L, & Burgess ND. (2018) A global analysis of management capacity and ecological outcomes in terrestrial protected areas. Conservation letters: e12434. View publication
Papers 2017
Kissling WD, Ahumada JA, Bowser A, Fernandez M, Fernández N, García EA, Guralnick RP, Isaac NJ, Kelling S, Los W, McRae L, Mihoub J, Obst M, Santamaria M, Skidmore AK, Williams KJ, Agosti D, Amariles D, Arvanitidis C, Bastin L, De Leo F, Egloff W, Elith J, Hobern D, Martin D, Pereira HM, Pesole G, Peterseil J, Saarenmaa H, Schigel D, Schmeller DS, Segata N, Turak E, Uhlir PF, Wee B, & Hardisty AR. (2018) Building essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) of species distribution and abundance at a global scale. Biological Reviews, 93, pp. 600-625. View publication
Stephenson PJ, Brooks TM, Butchart SHM, Fegraus E, Geller GN, Hoft R, Hutton J, Kingston N, Long B, & McRae L. (2017) Priorities for big biodiversity data. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 15(3), pp. 124–125. View publication
McRae L, Deinet S, Freeman R. (2017) The Diversity-Weighted Living Planet Index: Controlling for Taxonomic Bias in a Global Biodiversity Indicator. PLoS ONE 12(1): e0169156. View publication
Papers 2016
Barnes MD, Craigie ID, Harrison LB, Geldmann J, Collen B, Whitmee S, Balmford A, Burgess ND, Brooks T, Hockings M, & Woodley S. (2016) Wildlife population trends in protected areas predicted by national socio-economic metrics and body size. Nature Communications, 7. View publication
van Strien AJ, Gmelig Meyling AW, Herder JE, Hollander H, Kalkman VJ, Poot MJM, Turnhout S, van der Hoorn B, van Strien-van Liempt WTFH, van Swaay CAM, van Turnhout CAM, Verweij RJT, & Oerlemans NJ. (2016) Modest recovery of biodiversity in a western European country: The Living Planet Index for the Netherlands. Biological Conservation, 200, pp. 44-50. View publication
Proença V, Martin LJ, Pereira H, Fernandez M, McRae L, Belnap J, Böhm M, Brummitt N, García-Moreno J, Gregory R, Pradinho Honrado J, Jürgens N, Opige M, Schmeller D, Tiago P, & van Swaay, CAM. (2016) Global biodiversity monitoring: From data sources to Essential Biodiversity Variables. Biological Conservation. View publication
Papers 2014-15
Costelloe B, Collen B, Milner-Gulland EJ, Craigie ID, McRae L, Rondinini C, & Nicholson E. (2015) Global biodiversity indicators reflect the modeled impacts of protected area policy change. Conservation Letters. View publication
Tittensor DP, Walpole M, Hill SLL, Boyce DG, Britten GL, Burgess ND, Butchart SHM, Leadley PW, Regan EC, Alkemade R, Baumung R, Bellard C, Bouwman L, Bowles-Newark NJ, Chenery AM, Cheung WWL, Christensen V, Cooper HD, Crowther AR, Dixon MJR, Galli A, Gaveau V, Gregory RD, Gutierrez NL, Hirsch TL, Höft R, Januchowski-Hartley SR, Karmann M, Krug CB, Leverington FJ, Loh J, Lojenga RK, Malsch K, Marques A, Morgan DHW, Mumby PJ, Newbold T, Noonan-Mooney K, Pagad SN, Parks BC, Pereira HM, Robertson T, Rondinini C, Santini L, Scharlemann JPW, Schindler S, Sumaila UR, Teh LSL, van Kolck J, Visconti P, & Ye Y. (2014) A mid-term analysis of progress toward international biodiversity targets. Science 346 (6206). View publication
Tierney M, Almond R, Stanwell-Smith D, McRae L, Zöckler C, Collen B, Walpole M, Hutton J, & de Bie S. (2014) Use it or lose it: measuring trends in wild species subject to substantial use. Oryx, 48, pp 420-429. View publication
Papers 2012-13
Nicholson E, Collen B, Barausse A, Blanchard J, Burn B, Costelloe B, Fritz S, Jones J, McRae L, Possingham H, Sullivan K, Underwood F, & Milner-Gulland EJ. (2012) Making Robust Policy Decisions Using Global Biodiversity Indicators. PLoS ONE, 7(7): e41128. View publication
McRae L, Gill M, Bohm M, Deinet S, & Collen B. (2012) The Arctic Species Trend Index: using vertebrate population trends to monitor the health of this rapidly changing ecosystem. Biodiversity, 13: 144-156. View publication
Papers 2005-2011
Jones JPG, Collen B, Baxter PWJ, Bubb P, Illian JB, Katzner TE, Keane A, Loh J, McDonald-Madden E, Nicholson E, Pereira HM, Possingham HP, Pullin AS, Rodrigues ASL, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Sommerville M, & Milner-Gulland EJ. (2011) The why, what and how of biodiversity indicators: looking beyond 2010. Conservation Biology, 25: 450-457. View publication
Galewski T, Collen B, Loh J, McRae L, Grillas P, & Devictor V. (2011) Long term trends in the abundance of Mediterranean wetland vertebrates: from global recovery to localized declines. Biological Conservation, 144: 1392-1399. View publication
Collen B, McRae L, Deinet S, De Palma A, Carranza T, Loh J, Cooper N, & Baillie JEM. (2011) Predicting how populations decline to extinction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 366: 2577-2586. View publication
Pereira HM, Proença V, Belnapp J, Brummitt N, Collen B, Ding H, Gonzalez M, Gregory RD, Honrado J, Jongman R, Julliard R, McRae L, Rodrigues P, Opige M, Rodriguez JP, Schmeller D, van Swaay C, & Vieira C. (2010) Global biodiversity monitoring. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8(9): 459-600. View publication
Craigie I, Baillie JEM, Balmford A, Carbone C, Collen B, & Green R. (2010) Large mammal population declines in Africa’s Protected Areas. Biological Conservation, 143(9): 2221-2228. View publication
Butchart SHM et al (2010) Global biodiversity, indicators of recent declines. Science, 328:1164-1168. View publication
Collen B, Loh J, McRae L, Whitmee S, Amin R, & Baillie JEM. (2009) Monitoring change in vertebrate abundance: the Living Planet Index. Conservation Biology, 23: 317-327. View publication
Collen B, Ram M, Zamin T, & McRae L. (2008) The tropical biodiversity data gap: addressing disparity in global monitoring. Tropical Conservation Science, 1(2): 97-110. View publication
Loh J, Green RE, Ricketts T, Lamoreux JF, Jenkins M, et al. (2005) The Living Planet Index: using species population time series to track trends in biodiversity.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 360: 289-295. View publication
Book chapters
Trends in Biodiversity: Vertebrates Hoffmann M, Brooks TM, Butchart SHM, Gregory RD, & McRae L (2018) Trends in Biodiversity: Vertebrates In: Della Sala D and Goldstein M (eds.) Encyclopaedia of the Anthropocene. Elsevier Publishing, Oxford, UK, pp.175-184. View publication
Species Population Trends in Protected Areas Collen B, McRae L, Nicholson E, Craigie ID, Milner‐Gulland EJ</span